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趣說漢語拼音(二)——為什么要“整體認(rèn)讀”?

傅愛社

<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《漢語拼音方案》是由中國文字改革委員會于</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">1956</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月出的草案,</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">1958</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月由第一屆全國人民代表大會批準(zhǔn)作為正式方案推行的?!秶彝ㄓ谜Z言文字法》第</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">18</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">條規(guī)定:“國家通用語言文字以《漢語拼音方案》作為拼寫和注音工具,《漢語拼音方案》是中國人名地名和中文文獻(xiàn)羅馬字母拼寫法的統(tǒng)一規(guī)范,并用于漢字不便或不能使用的領(lǐng)域。”</span></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《漢語拼音方案》的“字母表”與英語的</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">26</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">個字母是一致的,不過,“字母表”中的字母與漢語普通話的語音系統(tǒng)不是一一對應(yīng)關(guān)系。字母“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”、“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">w</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”和“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">y"</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在漢語普通話中沒有對應(yīng)的音,字母“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”在漢語普通話中有三個對應(yīng)的音。</span></font></font></h3><font color="#000000" face="宋體" size="3"> <br></font> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">先說說字母“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”,字母表對字母“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”的規(guī)定是“只用來拼寫外來語、少數(shù)民族語言和方言”。“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”在《國際音標(biāo)》中的定位是“唇齒濁擦音”,與普通話中“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">f</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”(唇齒清擦音)的區(qū)別只在于發(fā)“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”時聲帶要震動。英語中這個音是普遍存在的,如“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">university</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”一詞中就有,算是拼寫外語的一個例證;少數(shù)民族語言肯定也有,如蒙古族有一種叫做“呼麥”的演唱方法,發(fā)音主要靠聲帶的震動,少了“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”這個音是不可想象的;至于方言,普通話中“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">u</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”行韻母獨(dú)成音節(jié)時被稱為“零聲母音節(jié)”,也就是沒有聲母的音節(jié),多數(shù)在關(guān)中方言中是有聲母的,這個聲母就是“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”,如關(guān)中話的“文、武、務(wù)、無”等均是以“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”為聲母的。</span></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">y</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”和“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">w</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”是有關(guān)隔音符號的問題。普通話進(jìn)行漢字拼音標(biāo)注時,是以詞為單位進(jìn)行的,這就涉及到音節(jié)相混的問題,“西安”就容易與“先”相混。所以,在對“西安”進(jìn)行標(biāo)音時就需使用隔音符號(上標(biāo)的“,”號),將</span></font></font><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">xi</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”和“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">an</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”分開,以免和“先、現(xiàn)……”等音節(jié)產(chǎn)生混亂。但是,漢語普通話中的零聲母音節(jié)很多,這就需要大量使用隔音符號,既麻煩也不美觀。正好,“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">y</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”和“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">w</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”在漢語普通話的語音系統(tǒng)中沒有對應(yīng)的音,《漢語拼音方案》中就做了如下的規(guī)定:</span></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋;"><font color="#000000" size="3">i </font></span><span style="font-family: 仿宋;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000">列的韻母,前面沒有聲母的時候,寫成<span lang="EN-US">yi</span></font></font><font color="#000000" size="3">(衣),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">ya</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(呀),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">ye</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(耶),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">yao</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(腰),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">you</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(憂),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">yan</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(煙),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">yin</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(因),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">yɑng</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(央),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">ying</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(英),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">yong</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(雍)。</font></span></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋;"><font color="#000000" size="3">u </font></span><span style="font-family: 仿宋;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000">列的韻母,前面沒有聲母的時候,寫成<span lang="EN-US">wu</span></font></font><font color="#000000" size="3">(烏),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3"> wa</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(蛙),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3"> wo</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(窩),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3"> wɑi</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(歪),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">wei</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(威),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">wan</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(彎),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">wen</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(溫),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">wang</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(汪)。</font></span></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">這樣,隔音符號在漢語拼音標(biāo)注中出現(xiàn)的概率就很低了。所以“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">y</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”和“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">w</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”實(shí)際上起的是隔音符號的作用,這些知識對初入小學(xué)的學(xué)生不能講授的,與他們的生理年齡不適應(yīng)。</span></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋體;">至于“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋體;">”對應(yīng)的三個音是:獨(dú)立成音節(jié)用于非</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋體;">知、吃、詩、日、資、雌、思</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">”</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋體;">等字組成音節(jié)時是一個音,《國際音標(biāo)》對其的定位是“舌面、前、高、不圓唇元音”;用作“資、雌、思”等字的韻母時,《國際音標(biāo)》對其的定位是“舌尖前、高、不圓唇元音”;用作“知、吃、詩、日”等字的韻母時,《國際音標(biāo)》對其的定位是“舌尖后、高、不圓唇元音”。這三個音發(fā)音部位相近,且相互不混亂,本著經(jīng)濟(jì)的原則,就全部采用“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋體;">”做標(biāo)記。這樣的拼音知識,同樣是不能給初入小學(xué)的小學(xué)生講授的。</span><br><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-family: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"></span></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">既然隔音作用的“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">y</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">”和“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">w</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">”的知識不能傳授給小學(xué)生,“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">”所對應(yīng)的三個元音也因?yàn)殡y度過大也不能傳授給小學(xué)生,我們也不能讓小學(xué)生認(rèn)為“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">y</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">”、“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">w</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">”是聲母,也不能讓小學(xué)生認(rèn)為所有的“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">”標(biāo)記的音都是一個音。正確的音不能教,又不能讓小學(xué)生產(chǎn)生錯誤的認(rèn)識,于是就出現(xiàn)了對</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">列韻母、</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">u</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">列韻母形成零聲母音節(jié)及“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">zhi</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">,</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">chi</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">,</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">shi</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">,</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ri</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">,</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">zi</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">,</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ci</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">,</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">si</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">”音節(jié)進(jìn)行“整體認(rèn)讀”教學(xué)的說法。所以,我們應(yīng)該明白,“整體認(rèn)讀”是一個無奈的折中方法。</span> </font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">年齡長一點(diǎn)的人,沒有接受過“整體認(rèn)讀”教學(xué),年齡輕的在讀小學(xué)時應(yīng)該知道“整體認(rèn)讀音節(jié)”。為什么要“整體認(rèn)讀”,你知道嗎?</span> </font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"> </font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><br></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><br></font></h3><h3></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><br><font color="#000000" face="宋體" size="3"> </font></h3>